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    How Databases work

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    • Introduction to Databases
      • 1.1What is a Database?
      • 1.2Importance of Databases
      • 1.3Types of Databases
    • Database Models
      • 2.1Hierarchical Model
      • 2.2Network Model
      • 2.3Relational Model
      • 2.4Object-oriented Model
    • Relational Databases
      • 3.1Introduction to Relational Databases
      • 3.2Tables, Records, and Fields
      • 3.3Keys and Indexes
    • SQL Basics
      • 4.1Introduction to SQL
      • 4.2Basic SQL Commands
      • 4.3Creating and Modifying Tables
    • Advanced SQL
      • 5.1Joins
      • 5.2Subqueries
      • 5.3Stored Procedures
    • Database Design
      • 6.1Normalization
      • 6.2Entity-Relationship Diagrams
      • 6.3Data Integrity
    • Transaction Management
      • 7.1ACID Properties
      • 7.2Concurrency Control
      • 7.3Recovery Techniques
    • Database Security
      • 8.1Security Threats
      • 8.2Access Control
      • 8.3Encryption and Authentication
    • NoSQL Databases
      • 9.1Introduction to NoSQL
      • 9.2Types of NoSQL Databases
      • 9.3Use Cases for NoSQL
    • Big Data and Databases
      • 10.1Introduction to Big Data
      • 10.2Big Data Technologies
      • 10.3Big Data and Databases
    • Cloud Databases
      • 11.1Introduction to Cloud Databases
      • 11.2Benefits and Challenges
      • 11.3Popular Cloud Database Providers
    • Database Administration
      • 12.1Roles and Responsibilities of a Database Administrator
      • 12.2Database Maintenance
      • 12.3Performance Tuning
    • Future Trends in Databases
      • 13.1In-memory Databases
      • 13.2Autonomous Databases
      • 13.3Blockchain and Databases

    Relational Databases

    Understanding Keys and Indexes in Relational Databases

    Relational databases are built on the concept of relationships between data. These relationships are established and maintained through the use of keys and indexes. This article will provide a comprehensive understanding of these crucial components.

    Keys in Relational Databases

    Keys are fundamental to the structure and function of a relational database. They ensure data integrity and enable data relationships. There are several types of keys in a relational database:

    • Primary Key: A primary key is a unique identifier for a record in a table. No two records in a table can have the same primary key. This key plays a crucial role in maintaining data integrity.

    • Foreign Key: A foreign key is a field (or collection of fields) in one table, that uniquely identifies a record in another table. The foreign key is used to prevent actions that would destroy links between tables.

    • Composite Key: A composite key is a key that consists of two or more attributes (fields) to uniquely identify an entity in a table. It is used when a single attribute is not sufficient to uniquely identify an entity.

    • Candidate Key: A candidate key is a set of one or more fields/columns that can identify a record uniquely in a table. There can be multiple candidate keys in a table, each capable of uniquely identifying a record.

    • Surrogate Key: A surrogate key is a substitute for the natural primary key. It is a unique identifier for each record in a table. It is useful when the natural primary key is cumbersome or lacks a clear, easy-to-use primary key.

    Indexes in Relational Databases

    Indexes are used in databases to speed up data retrieval. They work similarly to an index in a book, providing a quick way to find specific information. There are several types of indexes:

    • Clustered Index: A clustered index determines the physical order of data in a table. Because of this, a table can have only one clustered index.

    • Non-Clustered Index: A non-clustered index does not alter the physical order of data, but creates a logical order that is stored separately from the data. A table can have multiple non-clustered indexes.

    • Unique and Non-Unique Indexes: A unique index ensures that the index key contains no duplicate values and therefore each row in the table is in some way unique. Non-unique indexes do not impose this restriction.

    • Single-Column and Composite Indexes: Single-column indexes are created based on only one table column. Composite indexes are created based on two or more columns of a table.

    Creating, modifying, and dropping indexes in a relational database is a common task for database administrators. The specific commands used to perform these tasks can vary depending on the database management system in use.

    In conclusion, keys and indexes are essential components of relational databases, ensuring data integrity, enabling data relationships, and improving data retrieval speed. Understanding these concepts is crucial for anyone working with relational databases.

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